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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of Chechens in the Russian Empire ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of Chechens in the Russian Empire Chechnya was first incorporated as a whole into the Russian Empire in 1859, after decades-long Caucasian War. Tsarist rule was marked by a transition into modern times including the formation (or re-formation) of a Chechen bourgeoisie, the emergence of social movements, reorientation of the Chechen economy towards oil, heavy ethnic discrimination at the expense of Chechens and others in favor of Russians and Kuban Cossacks, and a religious transition among the Chechens towards the Qadiri sect of Sufism. ==Deportation of Chechens to Turkey== In the 1860, Russia commenced with forced emigration to ethnically cleanse the region. Tsar Alexander II forced the exile of millions of Caucasians (including at least 100,000 Chechens) in 1860–1866.〔Dunlop, John B. ''Russia confronts Chechnya''. Pages 29–31〕〔Fisher. ''Emigration of Muslims''. Page 363, see also 371〕〔Gammer, Moshe. ''Lone Wolf and Bear''. 80〕 Although Circassians were the main (and most notorious) victims (hence the "Circassian Genocide"), the expulsions also gravely affected other peoples in the region. It was estimated that 80% of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chechnya: Chaos of Human Geography in the North Caucasus, 484 BC – 1957 AD )〕 Lowland Chechens as well were evicted in large numbers, and while many came back, the former Chechen Lowlands lacked their historical Chechen populations for a long period until Chechens were settled in the region during their return from their 1944–1957 deportation to Siberia. The Arshtins, at that time a (debatably) separate people, were completely wiped out as a distinct group: according to official documents, 1366 Arshtin families disappeared (i.e. either fled or were killed) and only 75 families remained.〔Anchabadze, George. ''The Vainakhs''. Page 29〕 These 75 families, realizing the impossibility of existing as a nation of only hundreds of people, joined (or rejoined) the Chechen nation as the Erstkhoi tukkhum.〔〔Jaimoukha, Amjad. ''The Chechens: A Handbook''. Page 259.〕 As Dunlop points out, the 100000 Chechens that were exiled in 1860–1864 may have comprised over half the nation at that time, as in the 1896 Russian census there were only 226171 Chechens total.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Chechens in the Russian Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.